Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage (HMOD) / Target Organ Damage (TOD)
Hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), previously known as target organ damage (TOD), refers to the structural and functional injury caused by chronic elevation of blood pressure. Persistent hypertension silently affects major organs including the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and blood vessels, significantly increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension is not merely a disease of elevated blood pressure; it is a systemic vascular disorder involving endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurohormonal activation, vascular remodeling, and sympathetic overactivity. Therefore, smooth and sustained blood pressure control is essential to prevent long-term organ damage and cardiovascular complications. Major Factors Contributing to HMOD Several associated conditions amplify blood pressure variability and sympathetic activation: * Obesity * Sedentary lifestyle * Diabetes mellitus * Dyslipidemia * Chronic stress * Smoking and alcohol excess * High salt...